Fig. 2. Diverse functional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in obesity. As obesity progresses, ATMs undergo various functional changes that contribute to adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and insulin resistance. These changes include reduced adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial uptake, alongside increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, adaptive immune response activation, lipid-buffering, exophagy, and fibrosis modulation. These functions highlight the crucial role of ATMs in driving AT function. PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor β1; TREM2, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; TIM4, T-cell/transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex II; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; OPN, osteopontin.
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