Fig. 2. Evidence indicates that growth hormone (GH) induces insulin resistance and directly increases inflammation in the hypothalamus, independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secretion. Increased inflammation and insulin resistance favor the development of metabolic imbalances (e.g., obesity and diabetes), neurodegeneration (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), and accelerate aging. Created with BioRender.com.
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