The Properties of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Middle-Aged Obese Men: The Relationships between Blood Variables and Physical Fitness and Regional Fat Compartments

Maeng Kyu Kim

Article

This article has been retracted.

Korean J Obes 2014; 23(2): 116-124

Published online June 30, 2014

The Properties of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Middle-Aged Obese Men: The Relationships between Blood Variables and Physical Fitness and Regional Fat Compartments

Maeng Kyu Kim

Author Affiliations

Sports Medicine Lab, Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

Received: February 12, 2014; Reviewed : March 10, 2014; Accepted: April 10, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Go to

Abstract
Figure
Table
References

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO_2max) levels may predict mortality in men, little is known about the relationship between VO_2max and regional fat compartments, as in abdominal fat or both upper- and lower extremity fat in obese men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between VO_2max, blood parameters, physical fitness, and body fat distribution in middle-aged men.
Methods: A total of 56 men were involved in this study. On the first visit, blood lipids, blood pressure, and physical fitness were measured after overnight fasting. On the second visit, abdominal fat areas and regional fat compartments were measured by computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. On the third visit, subjects underwent a maximal graded exercise test on a cycling ergometer for VO_2max measurement.
Results: As a result of this study, a significant negative correlation was found between VO_2max and BMI, blood parameters (TC, TG, FFA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c), and regional fat compartments, except for visceral fat (P<0.05). The partial correlation analysis showed that VO_2max was significantly (P<0.05) associated with blood lipids (TC, TG, and FFA) and physical fitness after adjusting for BMI. Multiple regression analysis showed that leg fat percentage was a predictor of VO_2max (β=-0.462, P=0.034).
Conclusion: This study indicates that higher VO_2max shows reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. Accumulation of fat in lower extremities correlated with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness in this population.

Keywords: VO_2max, Physical fitness, Lipid profiles, Abdominal fat, Regional fat distribution

Figures

Go to

Abstract
Figure
Table
References

Fig. 1.

The Correlations between VO_2max and abdominal fat area by CT.

P values are calculated by correlation analysis.

r, Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Fig. 2.

The Correlations between VO_2max and percentage of fat by DEXA.

P values are calculated by correlation analysis.

r, Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Tables

Go to

Abstract
Figure
Table
References

Characteristics of the study population stratified by category of VO2max

The correlations between VO2max and anthropometric measurements, blood parameters, physical fitness, dual-energy X-ray absorption (fat) in all participants

Partial correlation of between VO2max and blood parameters, physical fitness after adjusting for BMI in all participants

Multiple regression analysis for VO2max as dependent variable

References

Go to

Abstract
Figure
Table
References

James PT, Rigby N, Leach R; International Obesity Task Force. The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004;11:3-8.
Michishita R, Shono N, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Kasahara T, et al. Association between silent ST segment depression in exercise electrocardiography and insulin resistance in obese subjects. J Cardiol 2007;49:231-9.
Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, BallardBarbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 2006;355:763-78.
Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men. Atherosclerosis 2001;154:497-504.
Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of sport and exercise. 3rd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2005.
Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Bandyopadhyay A. Validity of Queen’s College Step Test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in female students. Indian J Med Res 2005;121:32-5.
Laukkanen JA, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Kuhanen R, Ven?l?inen JM, Salonen R, et al. Cardiovascular fitness as a predictor of mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:825-31.
Aspenes ST, Nilsen TI, Skaug EA, Bertheussen GF, Ellingsen Ø, Vatten L, et al. Peak oxygen uptake and cardiovascular risk factors in 4631 healthy women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1465-73.
Noda H, Iso H, Toyoshima H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Kikuchi S, et al. Walking and sports participation and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1761-7.
Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;347:305-13.
Blair SN, Church TS. The fitness, obesity, health equation: is physical activity the common denominator? JAMA 2004;292:1232-4.
Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1092-7.
Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:373-80.
Davison K, Bircher S, Hill A, Coates AM, Howe PR, Buckley JD. Relationships between Obesity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Function. J Obes 2010;2010:191253.
Kim MK, Tomita T, Kim MJ, Sasai H, Maeda S, Tanaka K. Aerobic exercise training reduces epicardial fat in obese men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009;106:5-11.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.
Lee S, Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN, Church TS, Ross R. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabetes Care 2005;28:895-901.
Kim DI, Kim JY, Lee MK, Lee HD, Lee JW, Jeon JY. The relationship between fitness, BMI and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among university students in Korea. Korean J Obes 2012;21:99107.
Cureton KJ, Sloniger MA, O’Bannon JP, Black DN, McCormack WP. A generalized equation for prediction of VO2peak from 1-mile run/walk performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:44551.
Leite SA, Monk AM, Upham PA, Bergenstal RM. Low cardiorespiratory fitness in people at risk for type 2 diabetes: early marker for insulin resistance. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2009;1:8.
Nagano M, Kai Y, Zou B, Hatayama T, Suwa M, Sasaki H, et al. The contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness and visceral fat to risk factors in Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2004;53:644-9.
Sardinha LB, Teixeira PJ, Guedes DP, Going SB, Lohman TG. Subcutaneous central fat is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men independently of total fatness and fitness. Metabolism 2000;49:1379-85.
Wiklund P, Toss F, Weinehall L, Hallmans G, Franks PW, Nordstr?m A, et al. Abdominal and gynoid fat mass are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4360-6.
Ley CJ, Lees B, Stevenson JC. Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:950-4.